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A TRILMISH 



ON 



HOG CHOLERA 



CHICKEN CHOLERA 



WHAT THEY ARE, IHEIR CURE 
AND PREVENTION. 



BI^EIIEIDET^S^ ZDIIElIEaTOIR,-^. 



/ 
By O. EVANS HORNFDY, M. D. 



DAVENPORT, IOWA: '^ '^r v>^ '\^^ 

1-:GHERT, FIDI.AR, k CHAMBERS, PRINTERS. 
1879. 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1879, ^^y 

O. EVANS HORNTDY, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 






;r=> 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

7 



Hog Cholera, 

General Remarks, 

Name of the Disease, 

Symptoms, 

Post-mortem A])pearances, 

Natnre of the Disease, 

Its Similarity to other Diseases of Animals, 

General Causes, 

Local Causes, 

Worms, 

Prevention, 

Proper Food, . . . ^ 

Treatment, 

Reasons why the Disease should be Prevented, 50 

Analysis of Various Kinds of Food, 

How to Make Cheap Pork, 

Chicken Cholera, ... 
Cause, 



7 

9 

10 

15 

20 
22 

25 
27 

37 

39 

40 
42 



52 

55 



• 57 

58 
Symptoms, . . . , ^^ 

Post-mortem Appearances, . 5, 

Preventives, . ^ 

' • • • .62 

Food, . . 

1 reatment, . r 

• 64 

Breeders' DrRECTORv, • ... 60 



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6 PREFACE. 

symptoms of the disease, and a thorough study of 
remedies, could but result in giving us a cure. This 
the author has done; and he desires to urge upon 
those who use his remedies that they do so fully and 
thoroughly, observing at the same time the sanitary 
precautions given. This being done, a cure is assured. 

The Author. 



HOG CHOLERA 



GENERAL REMARKS. 

The disease to which the name of " Hog 
Cholera " has been generally but improperly 
applied, has prevailed more extensively in 
this country than most persons are aware 
of. The first appearance of the disease of 
which I have been able to find any notice, 
was in Kentucky, about the year 1852 ; it 
was then called quinsy. It prevailed in sev- 
eral localities in that State, and in some was 
quite fatal. About the year 1856 it first 
made its appearance in some localities in 
Southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. I was 



8 HOG CHOLERA. 

living in Southern Illinois when it first made 
its appearance in that portion of the State, 
and I well remember the consternation it 
produced among the hog raisers. It swept 
whole herds of hogs out of existence. It 
has continued to a greater or less extent 
since that time, in our Western and South- 
ern States, in nearly all of which it has at 
some period attained the character of a fatal 
and wide-spread epizootic. Its victims in 
those States are numbered by the hundreds 
of thousands, if not by the millions. During 
the last fifteen years this disease has at 
times prevailed in some of the more Eastern 
States ; as in Western New York it has 
been quite fatal in limited localities. But in 
the Eastern States it has originated with, 
and been confined to, hogs imported from 
the West. I think that in no State east of 
Ohio has the disease attained the character 
of a wide-spread epizootic. In the vicinity of 
Providence, Rhode Island, it has prevailed to 
some extent, but only in herds of hogs that 
have been shipped from the West. 

It is evident that a subject of so great im- 



HOG CHOLERA. 9 

portance to the agricultural interest of the 
community deserves attention. It is also in- 
teresting to all classes of the community, 
owing to its relation to the epidemic diseases 
that afflict the human family, and on account 
of its effects on the supply of animal food 
for cities. 

For these reasons I have spent much time 
and labor in the last fifteen years. I have 
visited many localities in districts where the 
disease prevailed. I have examined the bod- 
ies of many hogs after death ; have made in- 
quiries of those who have had the care of 
hogs, in relation to the symptoms; and have 
obtained information as far as possible from 
those who have seen the disease in its worst 
forms. The result of these investigations of 
the subject I propose to give briefly in the 
following pages. 

NAME OF THE DISEASE. 

The first question that arises in the minds 
of most persons is this: What is the dis- 
ease? And the question is asked with a 
special desire to have it answered by a spe- 



lO HOG CHOLERA. 

cial name. This cannot be done. There is 
no name which would convey — even to phy- 
sicians, and certainly not to others — a pre- 
cise idea of the disease. 

SYMPTOMS. 

The symptoms, as described by persons 
unaccustomed to such observations, are ex- 
tremely variable. By combining the informa- 
tion of others with the result of my own ob- 
servations, the symptoms during life of the 
animals are as follows: 

1. Refusal of food. This is the first 
symptom usually noticed by those who have 
care of the animals, though, as will be seen 
hereafter, this symptom by no means indi- 
cates the beginning of the disease. The re- 
fusal of food, after it is first noticed, usually 
continues through the whole sickness. Food 
of every kind is mostly refused. 

2. Great thirst is usually constant, and 
large quantities of cold water are swallowed 
if it can be obtained, but not always ; some 
animals even refuse to eat or drink. 



HOG CHOLERA. II 

3. After a time, the length of which varies 
very much, the animal begins to show signs 
of weakness, reels, staggers, and falls down. 

'4. In some cases there is a diarrhoea, with 
copious discharges of dark, bilious, and very 
offensive matter; in other cases the dis- 
charges are hard, black balls ; in other cases 
there is no discharge whatever from the 
bowels. In some of these cases the offensive 
fluid is found in the small intestines after 
death, while the large intestines are empty. 

5. In a few cases there is vomiting, but 
this is not often the case, nor does it con- 
tinue for any length of time. 

6. In other cases the animal is in appar- 
ently good health, eating his food, when he 
will throw his head up, turn round a few 
times very quick, squeal, and drop dead with 
his mouth full of food. Others will be in 
apparently good health, and will commence 
bleeding at the nostrils, and will bleed to 
death in a few hours. 

7. In other cases the jaws will commence 
to enlarge, great knots or carbuncles will 



12 HOG CHOLERA. 

form, causing the upper or lower jaw to turn 
up or down, or to one side ; their ears will 
swell up very large and crack open, and 
sometimes slough off. 

8. But the most common symptom at the 
present writing (1878), among the animals 
where the disease is prevailing, is a general 
lassitude ; a drooping of the head and ears ; 
the hair looks dead, is quite loose on the 
skin, easily plucked out ; a drawing up of 
the back, falling in of the flank; a wasting 
away of the flesh ; costiveness of the bowels ; 
and in the last stages of the disease, a re- 
fusal to eat or drink.- 

10. The duration of the disease in fatal 
cases, after the first symptoms are noticed, 
is extremely variable. I have seen some 
that died in a few hours, and others that 
lived many days. It is difficult, however, to 
fix the time of the appearance of the first 
symptoms. The first noticed in many cases 
is the refusal of food, while others show 
symptoms and still eat; in fact, some die 
while eating, as has been stated. Such 
are the symptoms as obtained by observa- 



HOG CHOLERA. I 3 

tions in all the localities that I have visited. 
In corroboration of my observations, I give 
the observations of Dr. George Sutton, of 
Ayrora, Dearborn county, Indiana. Dr. Sut- 
ton made extensive and careful observations 
of the disease as it prevailed in Indiana, and 
his article is of much value. His description 
of the disease is as follows : 

" The hog appears weak, his head drops ; 
and sometimes after these symptoms diar- 
rhoea commences ; there is frequent vomiting. 
In some cases the discharges were serous 
and clay - colored ; sometimes very dark, also 
bloody and mucous, resembling those of dys- 
entery. The urine was, at first, small and 
highly colored, but as the animal recovered 
it became abundant and clear. This was 
one of the symptoms by which the men who 
were attending them at the distillery ascer- 
tained that they were recovering. In a large 
number of cases the respiratory organs ap- 
peared to be principally affected, and there 
was coughing and wheezing and difficult res- 
piration, and in some instances the anim.al 
lost the power of squealing; and the larynx 



14 HOG CHOLERA. 

was diseased, there was frequendy swelling 
of the tongue and bleeding at the nose. In 
cases where the respiratory organs were the 
seat of the disease, there was no diarrhoea or 
dysentery. In many instances the disease 
appeared to be confined to the skin ; some- 
times the nose or ear, or side of the head, 
were very much inflamed, the ear swollen to 
twice its usual thickness ; this inflammation 
would spread along the skin, and sometimes 
over the eyes and produce complete blind- 
ness ; sometimes one or more of the legs of 
the animal was inflamed or swollen, and the 
inflammation extended along the body. The 
skin where it was inflamed was red and 
swollen ; some had large sores on their flanks 
or sides from three to six inches in diame- 
ter. In one instance at the distillery, the in- 
flammation extended along the fore leg, the 
foot became ulcerated and sloughed off, and 
the animal recovered. Some appeared delir- 
ious, as if there was inflammation of the 
brain. Sudden changes in the weather, par- 
ticularly from warm to cold, appeared to in- 
crease the fatality of the disease." 



HOG CHOLERA. I 5 

The symptoms, as described by Dr. Sutton, 
are somewhat similar to those I have already 
given ; yet it seems his observations were 
made on hogs fed on still slops; and it is a 
fact well known among hog raisers, that hogs 
fed on still slops are more liable to take the 
disease than those fed on dry food, and it 
seems to be more fatal. But the descrip- 
tions already given are sufficient to enable 
any one to recognize the disease wherever 
it prevails. It will be noticed that there are 
a very great variety of symptoms described, 
and that they affect nearly every part of the 
animal. This would be expected from the 
nature of the disease, as will be seen here- 
after. 

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. 

Having described the symptoms as seen 
in the animal while living, I will now give, 
briefly, the appearance found on examination 
after death. 

During the last year I have examined 
bodies of a large number of hogs that died 
with the disease. I have examined a great 



I 6 HOG CHOLERA. 

many in the last thirteen years, but as I 
have found the symptoms much the same in 
the past, I will only give my last year's 
experience. 

During last spring I examined the bodies 
of seven hogs, and here give the condition 
of the organs as I found them. 

Lungs. — In two cases the lungs were in 
a healthy condition ; in the remaining five 
cases, one or both lungs were inflamed, hav- 
ing a liver-like appearance, called hepatiza- 
tion ; in some cases the inflammation was 
more advanced, and the substance of the 
lungs was breaking down into a mass of dis- 
ease. In some cases there were tubercles 
or consumption in the lungs. 

Stomach. — The stomach contained large 
quantities of small worms that would aver- 
age from two to three inches in length. The 
stomach, in some cases, was distended with 
an offensive mixture of food, and in two 
cases the inner surface was ulcerated to some 
extent. 

Large Intestines. — The inner coat of the 
large intestines was generally inflamed and 



HOG CHOLERA. I 7 

softened with ulceration to a greater or less 
extent, and in all cases more or less large 
worms were found, a great many with their 
heads protruding through the intestines. In 
some cases the intestines were entirely empty 
except the worms. In other cases they would 
be filled with a hard, black, tarry-looking sub- 
stance, in balls, with the worms between them. 
On account of their diseased condition, their 
inner coat was frequently discolored. 

Kidneys. — These organs, in all cases, were 
much paler and more yellow than natural ; 
this condition was well marked. 

Liver. — The liver, in all cases, was more 
or less diseased, and, in some, small worms 
were found from one inch to two inches in 
length. I took from one liver five hundred 
of these worms. They were very slender, 
hard, and sharp at both ends. 

Bladder. — The bladder was usually found 
in a healthy condition. In some cases water 
was found in the cavity of the belly and 
chest, and in the membrane surrounding the 
heart. 

I examined quite a number that died very 



1 8 HOG CHOLERA. 

suddenly — apparently in good health a few 
minutes before they died — found but little 
diseased condition of organs as given above; 
but on examining the brain found it in a 
blood-shot condition, and some appearances 
of inflammation ; could not tell what pro- 
duced this condition, except it was trichina, 
as these were found in the membrane sur- 
rounding the brain. 

I examined a few that bled to death at 
the nose. Their organs were somewhat more 
affected than those that died so suddenly ; 
but on examination of the head and nostrils, 
I found them in a blood-shot condition ; also 
found a great many small worms, from a 
half inch to an inch in length. These worms 
were, without doubt, the cause of the blood- 
letting. 

My next examination was of the blood of 
those that died with the prevailing symptoms. 
Of those that died costive I found their blood 
in a most impoverished condition ; and on 
examination with the microscope, found it a 
living mass of trichina. 

Such are some of the most important 



HOG CHOLERA. 1 9 

appearances which are found on examina 
tion of hogs that have died of this disease. 
It will be noticeable that four of the diseased 
conditions that I have described are promi- 
nent, important, and such as would be most 
readily recognized by the most ignorant ob- 
server : First, inflammation of the lungs ; 
second, quantities of large worms found in 
the stomach and bowels ; third, costive con- 
dition of the bowels ; fourth, diarrhoea. One 
or more of these diseased conditions will be 
found in every case ; and, perhaps, in a ma- 
jority, three of them will be present in every 
animal that is diseased. Another and im- 
portant symptom, not so noticeable to the 
novice, is the impoverished condition of the 
blood ; this is the case in all those that have 
costive bowels. This symptom reveals itself 
in post-mortem examination. 

Dr. Sutton, of Indiana, in the article from 
which I have already quoted, gives an inter- 
esting account of the post-mortem appearance 
in hogs dying from this disease ; and it is 
evident from his article that he had the op- 
portunity of examining the disease in its 



20 HOG CHOLERA. 

most malignant forms. He mentions every 
diseased condition that I have described, ex- 
cept the impoverished condition of the blood. 
Why he should overlook this and its cause, 
I am unable to say. And, again, he says 
nothing about microscopic observation at all ; 
but he certainly did not examine the head 
and nostrils, or he would have found those 
worms that I have described. If he had ex- 
amined the flesh and blood with the micro- 
scope, he would have found the presence of 
the trichina. 

With the description already given of 
symptoms and post-mortem appearances, 
most persons, without medical knowledge, 
will be able to recognize the disease. It 
remains for us to consider briefly its nature, 
causes, prevention, and treatment. 

NATURE OF THE DISEASE. 

Sometimes in the human subject — particu- 
larly w^hen portions of the body are under- 
going inflammation and suppuration — pus 
and other diseased products are absorbed, 
and, entering into the circulation, poison the 



HOG CHOLERA. 21 

blood, and produce the condition of the sys- 
tem known as pyaemie. In such cases the 
general poisoning of the system is shown by 
a low form of fever, great weakness, and 
prostration of the vital powers, frequently ac- 
companied by vomiting and purging, and 
often resulting in pleurisy, with inflammation 
and deposit of matter in the lungs, superfi- 
cial swellings and abscesses, inflammation and 
suppuration in the joints, and other diseased 
phenomena ; so in severe forms of typhus 
or ship fever, and in malignant cases of 
some other diseases, when the whole system 
seems to be filled with a powerful poison, 
and utterly prostrated, the same or similar 
effects are seen. So, in this disease among 
hogs, there seems to be a general poisoning 
of the blood, producing local inflammation 
and ulcerations in various parts of the sys- 
tem, though more frequently in some parts 
than others. 

This, then, is a general disease of the 
whole system, and probably its most prom- 
inent causes resulting from some poisoning 
of the blood; the inflammation of the lungs. 



2 2 HOG CHOLERA. 

the superficial ulcers and swellings, and 
other effects I have described, are only the 
local effects, and are the results of the gen- 
eral disease. 

The diarrhoea that exists in some cases, 
and on account of which the name of " Hog 
Cholera" has been given to the disease, is 
probably caused by the local inflammation 
of the intestines, and worms that are found 
present in them. The name " Hog Chol- 
era" is, therefore, entirely improper, as it 
only represents one of the several promi- 
nent symptoms. The disease might as cor- 
rectly, or incorrectly, be called "Pneumonia." 

ITS SIMILARITY TO OTHER DISEASES 
OF ANIMALS. 

In this connection it is proper to notice 
the similarity that exists between this dis- 
ease in swine and some epizootic diseases 
that prevail among cattle. The disease 
known as "Texas Cattle Fever" is one that 
has very similar symptoms to that of the 
disease of swine. 

In 1873 I was in Missouri, on the line 



HOG CHOLERA. 23 

of the M., K. & T. Railroad, when a great 
many Texas cattle were being shipped on 
that line. The native cattle along the line 
were dying, supposed to be the result of 
their coming in contact with the Texas cat- 
tle at feeding stations. I had the oppor- 
tunity of examining quite a number that 
died. The symptoms in the first stages of 
the disease were very similar to that of 
the general symptoms in Hog Cholera — 
first a refusal to eat, stiffness of move- 
ment, drooping of the head, and in some 
cases diarrhoea, but in other cases costive- 
ness. Post-mortem examination showed slight 
inflammation of the throat, acute inflamma- 
tion of the stomach, with some ulceration 
of the coat ; intestines somewhat inflamed, 
with a slimy appearance of the inner coat. 
The kidneys were much more pale and yel- 
low than natural. The lungs seemed healthy, 
but the liver was very pale. I think this was 
owing to the fact that the blood was in a 
very impoverished condition. 

Any one who reads this and other descrip- 
tions cannot fail to notice the striking simi- 



24 HOG CHOLERA. 

larity between that disease among cattle and 
the disease among swine which we are now 
considering. 

The same is true of the disease which has 
caused so much excitement in New England 
in the last few years, under the name of 
" Pleura-pneumonia." Its symptoms and post- 
mortem appearances, so far as described in 
the reports I have seen upon the subject, 
are very similar to those observed in the 
disease among hogs which I have examined. 

The conclusion at which I have arrived is, 
that the " Hog Cholera " which I have de- 
scribed, and the "Pleura-pneumonia" of New 
England, and "Texas Cattle Fever," are sim- 
ilar diseases, having the same general fea- 
tures, producing similar diseased changes in 
the body, and are the results of similar causes. 
If a definite name is required, let us call it 
'* Murrain',' which is derived from a Greek 
word which means to waste or weaken. 



HOG CHOLERA. 



GENERAL CAUSES. 



25 



In this and other similar diseases among 
animals, as well as in epidemic diseases in 
the human race, the universal tendency of 
the human mind is to ascribe their propaga- 
tion to contagion. Dr. Sutton says: ''Al- 
though this disease must occasionally have a 
spontaneous origin, yet, when once produced, 
will spread rapidly by contagion." 

It is comparatively but a few years since 
the belief was universal that yellow fever and 
cholera were contagious, and the most op- 
pressive quarantine restrictions, based upon 
this belief, were enforced, to prevent these 
diseases, in every port of the civilized world. 
But the enlightened opinions of the medical 
profession and sanitarians of the present day 
have decided that yellow fever is not conta- 
gious ; while the idea that cholera is conta- 
gious is abandoned, so far as I know, by all 
intelligent physicians at the present time. 

So, I firmly believe, it will soon be with 
reference to this and other similar diseases 
of animals. They are not contagious, and 



26 HOG CHOLERA. 

the belief that they are is productive of great 
injury in the adoption of measures for their 
prevention. But this disease among swine is 
an epizootic disease, as much as cholera or 
yellow fever is an epidemic in the human 
family. 

If, then, this be an epizootic disease, its 
causes are similar to that of other epidemics. 
The following, then, as I understand the sub- 
ject, are the causes, not only of this disease 
among swine, but also of the disease among 
cattle referred to, as well as of epidemics 
in the human race, viz : 

1. An epidemic, atmospherical poison. 

2. The local condition adapted to receive 
and propagate the poison existing in the 
atmosphere. 

With regard to the first cause, very little 
is known. It may be an animal or veget- 
able existence, or a chemical or electrical 
change in the atmosphere. Nor is anything 
known of the differences in the condition of 
the atmosphere by which such dissimilar 
epidemic and epizootic diseases are produced 
at different times. But, judging from their 



HOG CHOLERA. 27 

effects, I conclude that these primary causes 
of epidemics probably exist in the atmos- 
phere; that they progress over a greater or 
less extent of country, in accordance with 
laws with which we are not acquainted, and, 
alighting upon the earth, produce their ef- 
fects wherever they find the local condition 
adapted to their propagation. 

LOCAL CAUSES. 

The local conditions, or causes, of this dis- 
ease among swine, are not so obvious, or so 
well understood, as they should be. A par- 
tial cause of its malignant character is, no 
doubt, owing to the impure air arising from 
the filth with which the animals are sur- 
rounded ; the location, and want of venti- 
lation of the pens in which the animals are 
kept; the use of improper food, and the 
want of pure water. Common sense teaches 
that cleanliness, good food, pure air, and 
pure water are as important to prevent 
disease among animals as in the human 
family, though the fact is generally ignored 
by those who have care of these ani- 



28 HOG CHOLERA. 

mals. But there is another condition, not 
essential to produce the disease, but which 
has much to do with it — that is, the crowd- 
ing of a large number of animals together. 
It is a well established fact that the severity 
and fatality of cholera and other epidemic 
diseases in the human family is in direct 
proportion to the density of the population. 

The co-existence of both the causes given 
— viz, the atmospheric poison and the local 
conditions — are necessary, to some extent, 
for the extensive development of the disease. 
When both of these causes are present in 
any locality, and healthy animals are brought 
into it, a portion of them, if not all, will 
contract the disease. But this important 
fact is to be remembered : That both these 
causes may be present in a locality whether 
the animals are present or not. 

Perhaps I have said more than some may 
think necessary in relation to the cause of 
the disease, but the subject is of the utmost 
importance in its relation to preventive 
measures. If this and other similar diseases 
are not contagious, but arise from causes 



HOG CHOLERA. 29 

which may or do originate wholly and inde- 
pendently of the presence of animals, it is 
manifesdy absurd to attempt, as some have 
done in some cases, to prevent and eradi- 
cate them by the destruction of the animals. 
You might, with the same propriety, put an 
end to the epidemics that prevail in over- 
crowded cities by destroying the inhabitants. 
Yet it is well understood that proper san- 
itary precautions will make the epidemic less 
fatal. 

I have given in the last few pages the 
common acceptation of the cause of the dis- 
eases of swine, the pathological and post- 
mortem appearances, although I have not 
arrived at any definite results; and, much as 
I believe that the disease is brought about 
by atmospheric influences, impure air arising 
from filth, location, want of healthy food and 
pure water, there are some other important 
matters to look after in this connection : 

1. The breeding of the animal. 

2. Food for breeders. 

3. Pasturage, or range. 



30 HOG CHOLERA. 

4. The practice of cutting or ringing of 
the nose. 

5. Trichinae. 

Breeding. — In the last fifteen years much 
importance has been attached to the breed- 
ing of swine ; and one of the grand objects 
to be attained is to get to market hogs of 
the ereatest weiofht with the least feed and 
age. This is very commendable, but in doing 
it the hog-raisers have lost sight of some very 
important facts : First, keeping on their places 
too long the same breed, thus breeding in 
and in the same blood, reducing the consti- 
tution by consanguinity. Comparative anoto- 
my teaches that the hog is nearer like a man 
than any other animal ; and it is well under- 
stood by anatomists and physiologists that 
intermarriages of cousins produce enfeebled 
minds and weakened constitutions. And I am 
under the impression that its effects on swine 
are somewhat similar; yet its direct influence 
may be to give them a feeble constitution, re- 
quiring more care and better treatment. It 
does not interfere with a quick growth or the 
fattening process, but weakens their power to 



HOG CHOLERA. 3 1 

throw off disease. My own experience in 
breeding is that where I changed or crossed 
my stock often the disease did not prove so 
fatal, and yielded more readily to treatment. 

Food for Breeders. — This is a matter of 
much importance. In order to have strong, 
healthy pigs, they should not be fed corn in 
any shape, from the fact that it does not 
produce muscular strength, or strong, healthy 
stomachs and intestines. Where this article 
of food is used exclusively, these organs are 
very tender and fatty. The greatest value 
that corn has is to produce fat — it probably 
excels all other food for swine in this re- 
spect. 

If you want a good, strong, well-muscled, 
and solid-boned hog, never feed corn until 
you want to feed for market. Never feed 
your breeders corn, either male or female. 
Every farmer should be his own judge of the 
time he wants his pigs to come, but the best 
time to change them is as soon as they can 
get to them. 

Another important matter in breeding is 
to have well ventilated brood rooms — not 



32 HOG CHOLERA. 

a low-roofed affair, nor a small pen, that 
the sow can just turn round in ; but give 
her plenty of room, and at least enough 
above her head so that you can walk in 
without knocking your hat off. 

Range of Pasture. — Twenty - five years 
ago the farmers in the Western States had 
a large range of pasture for their stock ; 
such a disease as hog cholera was not 
known. They allowed their hogs to run 
at large on the commons. The grade was 
very inferior to the present grades, although 
much hardier. It was a common thing 
among hog-raisers to let their hogs run on 
the range throughout the whole year. They 
fed but little corn, except in the fattening 
season. It was not then, as now, a market 
any time of year. So, when I take in con- 
sideration the healthy condition of swine at 
that period, their feed and care, I can arrive 
at but one conclusion — that is, their healthy 
and hardy condition was owing to their food 
and range of pasture. It is very probable 
that if the farmers of twenty-five years ago 
could have had the fine stock of hogs of the 



HOG CHOLERA. 33 

present day, they would have taken more 
care of them than they did of the stock they 
had then, yet the result might have been 
the same to some extent — that is, provided 
the food and pasturage had nothing to do 
with their healthy condition, but no doubt it 
had much to do with it. The hog, like all 
other animals, is naturally his own ''doctor;'' 
allow him the freedom of his will, and when 
he gets sick he will root and procure his 
own remedies. But this is out of the ques- 
tion now in most of the hog-growing dis- 
tricts, from the fact that the range of pasture 
that the farmer of twenty-five years ago had 
are now cultivated fields, and the remedies 
that swine would procure when sick are ex- 
hausted; so they have become dependent on 
their masters not only for food and shelter, 
but, when sick, for medical treatment. I can 
remember when it was thought healthy for 
hogs to have a mud-hole to wallow in in 
hot weather ; and a farmer was considered 
lucky if he had running water or a pond on 
his farm that his hoo^s could run to at will. 
But with the present breeds of swine, with 



34 HOG CHOLERA. 

their weakened constitutions and constant ex- 
posure to atmospheric poisonous influences, it 
is neither prudent nor safe to allow such 
habits. 

The hog is not naturally a filthy animal 
unless you rear him as such. With the weak 
constitution he possesses now, cleanliness is 
necessary to keep him in a healthy condition. 
It is an old saying, and a true one, "that 
filth breeds disease." So the pasturage, food, 
and general care has much to do with the 
animal's health. I do not think these things 
have everything to do with propagating the 
disease, but have much to do with its ma- 
lignancy and fatality — just as much so as 
crowded cities, with filthy streets and bad 
sewerage, has to do with the malignant forms 
and fatal results of epidemics in the human 
family. The reader should not lose sight of 
the fact that swine are, according to com- 
parative anatomy, more nearly related to the 
human family than any other animal. • 

Cutting and Ringing the Nose. — All 
know^ that it is the nature of the hog to 
root, and the practice of cutting or ring- 



HOG CHOLERA. 35 

ing the nose makes him much more depend- 
ent on his master for support, and it has a 
direct tendency to make the disease more 
malignant, as well as to prevent his procur- 
ing his own treatment by rooting. If you 
have to mutilate the animal's nose, do not do 
it during the months of July, August, or Sep- 
tember, nor at any time when the disease is 
prevailing in your neighborhood. If you do, 
the wounds will not heal up. I noticed dur- 
ing the last fall a large number of herds 
of hogs that had the ring put in their noses 
in July, yet in October had not healed up, 
and the disease was more malignant in its 
character upon such herds. 

TRiCHiNyE. — I am aware that in presenting 
these as a normal condition of swine, I will 
have to contend with many conflicting theo- 
ries and speculative ideas. But as I do not 
wish to lengthen out this little work with quo- 
tations of these theories and ideas of others, I 
will simply give my own. 

I hold that trichinae are natural to swine, 
and all have them to a greater or less ex- 
tent; that they increase or propagate ac- 



36 HOG CHOLERA. 

cording to surrounding influences. If the 
influences are healthy, the trichinae remain in 
a dormant or encysted condition. But the 
causes above enumerated will bring them into 
active life, and cause their increase to that 
extent that the lean portion of the body and 
the blood will become a living mass. What 
this has to do with the fatality of the dis- 
ease, I leave every one to judge for him- 
self. 

I have examined the bodies of hogs in 
every stage of health with the microscope, 
and never failed to find trichinae present — 
always in the throat, and, in the first stages 
of the disease, along the tenderloin next 
the spine ; in more advanced stages, in the 
blood. In all the pathological theories that I 
have ever read, not one has given us any 
information regarding the presence of trichi- 
nae in the hog being one prominent cause of 
the fatality of the disease, yet all acknowl- 
edge their presence to some extent. Nor do 
I, in this treatise, design giving their exact 
relation to the disease. Their tendency, with- 
out doubt, is to impoverish the blood, and 



HOG CHOLERA. 37 

weaken the spine, thus producing an inactive 

condition of the whole body, and hastening 

death. 

WORMS. 

These are, as has been already stated, 
found in the head, stomach, bowels, liver, 
and sometimes in the flesh. They present 
themselves in the different organs in differ- 
ent sizes. Those found in the large intes- 
tines, sometimes quite numerous, are large — 
from six to fifteen inches in length ; in the 
small intestines, not so large, but from three 
to six inches. Those found in the nostrils 
are small, from one to two inches. Those 
found in the liver are much the same as 
those found in the head. 

I have no doubt but these worms have 
much to do with the fatality of the disease 
under consideration. They are there, I know; 
and, as the disease advances, they increase 
very rapidly. 

Those in the laro-e intestines, no doubt, 
produce that inflamed and ulcerated condi- 
tion found after death ; those in the small 

intestines have a similar effect, while those 
3 



38 HOG CHOLERA. 

in the stomach and Hver would produce in- 
digestion and torpidity, and the tendency 
might be constipation or diarrhoea, owing to 
the condition of the food in the stomach and 
intestines ; while those of the head and nos- 
trils have other tendencies. Those of the 
nostrils, probably, in their migratory course 
tap blood vessels, and thus hasten death by 
blood-letting ; while others, nearer the brain, 
tap that organ, and produce very sudden 
death. 

I have, in as brief a manner as possible, 
presented the various causes and symptoms 
of this disease among swine, and some of 
the ideas may be somewhat speculative ; but I 
am conscious of one fact: If they are, I am 
not the first in the field, for I find already 
stated many conflicting theories, and some 
very speculative ones. And, as has already 
been said, as it is not the intention to specu- 
late, nor discuss the theories or speculations 
of others, I will proceed to give what I un- 
derstand to be the course that hop: - raisers 
should pursue to prevent the fatality of the 
disease among their swine. 



HOG CHOLERA. 39 

I do not hold that the disease can be en- 
tirely prevented, but I do hold that, with 
proper sanitary precautions and treatment, 
jche duration of the disease can be lessened, 
and the fatality diminished. 

PREVENTION. 

Bearing in mind the causes of the disease 
as I have given them, the measures neces- 
sary for prevention are obvious, and may be 
stated in a very few words: First, remove 
as far as possible the local causes. The 
general causes, existing in the atmosphere, 
cannot be reached ; nor can they be 
avoided, except by the removal of the ani- 
mals beyond the limits of the influences in- 
dicated above. This is not usually practica- 
ble, but the local causes can to a very great 
extent be removed, and, without these, the 
general causes cannot produce any serious 
results. 

The first thing necessary is to procure a 
more hardy animal. Keep the animals from 
mud and impure water, especially during the 
hot season. Keep them on as elevated 



40 HOG CHOLERA. 

grounds as possible on your place. They 
can be separated and isolated in lots as far 
apart as possible. They can be allowed an 
abundance of pure air, and pure, cold water. 
They should be supplied with nourishing food. 

PROPER FOOD. 

The matter of food is one that I wish to 
impress on the mind of the swine-grower, 
for this has much to do with promoting the 
health, and giving a strong, hardy constitu- 
tion to swine. 

I have already stated that stock hogs 
should not be fed corn ; and the ques- 
tion comes very readily from the farmer — 
*' What shall we feed ? " So it is proposed 
to give a chapter on the best food for stock 
hogs. 

The soil of the Western States is well 
adapted to the growth of all kinds of veget- 
able roots. Among the most valuable for 
feeding young swine is the artichoke, and 
which is probably the most prolific. It will 
yield from three hundred to five hundred 
bushels per acre; in some districts in llli- 



HOG CHOLERA. 4I 

nois eight hundred bushels per acre have 
been gathered. They will grow in fence cor- 
ners, waste lots, or any place you have a 
.mind to plant them. The next in value are 
carrots. They will yield from two hundred 
to three hundred bushels per acre. Plant in 
rows, from eighteen inches to two feet apart. 
Turnips and potatoes are excellent food for 
young swine. These vegetables are far 
cheaper to feed than grain of any kind, and 
much more healthy. They will not produce 
fat so fast, but a better growth of muscle 
and bone, and then they have a tendency 
to strengthen the system and throw off dis- 
ease. If you must feed grain, feed oats, rye, 
or barley. 

Another important matter to be considered 
in this connection, is the sanitary arrange- 
ments to be observed. 

Do not let your hogs run to or sleep in 
rotten straw or manure. Burn up all your 
cobs or trash in your hog lots ; sprinkle salt 
upon the ashes, and your hogs will eat them 
all up. Burn up all their bedding at least 
four or five times a year. Keep your pens 



42 HOG CHOLERA. 

clean ; and at least once a week sprinkle 
fresh slacked lime in the pens, beds, and 
feed-lots. 

Stock hogs should have at least one ounce 
of good salt every other day, throughout the 
year, per head ; feeders, two ounces each 
three times per week. The salt not only 
gives strength to the muscle, but makes good, 
solid bone, and recent experience teaches 
that where swine have salt at regular periods 
throughout the year, they will weigh from 
forty to sixty pounds more than those that 
have it at irregular times. 

If the above sanitary treatment and rules 
are observed, when the cholera makes its ap- 
pearance it will be of a mild form, and will 
readily yield to treatment. 

TREATMENT. 

There is probably no disease in the United 
States that has prevailed in the human fam- 
ily, or among animals, that has had as wide 
range of treatment as hog cholera, and with 
as little success. The whole country where 
the disease prevails is overrun with " hog 



HOG CHOLERA. 43 

doctors," who offer all sorts of compounds 
and patent nostrums ; and many of the farm- 
ers have become so disgusted with their fail- 
yres that, rather than try anything new, they 
will let their hogs die. These vendors of 
quack nostrums are usually men who know 
but little about the hog or his diseases, or the 
chemical effects of their own compounds — 
their compatibilities or incompatibilities. I 
give below one of the many formulas that 
have been placed in my hands. It is a fair 
average of many more given me. The 
farmer who gave me this said to me very 
confidentially, " I paid ten dollars for this and 
got it filled, and gave it to my hogs that 
were sick, and they all died : " 

I ft) Sulphur ; 

I ft) Saltpetre ; 

^ft) Gunpowder ; 

J^ft) Rosin ; 

I ft) Copperas ; 

I ft) Charcoal ; 

^ft) Black Antimony. 
This was to be well mixed and given in 
doses from one teaspoonful to a tablespoon- 



44 HOG CHOLERA. 

ful, according to the size of the hog. This 
is simply given to show what ignorance is 
displayed in compounding remedies without 
any respect to their chemical agencies. 

Edwin M. Snow, of Providence, R. I., in a 
lengthy article on the disease, its preventives 
and treatment, says, at the close of his val- 
uable paper: "In the treatment of a disease 
of this character, we have little to expect 
from the specific or direct action of medicine 
of any kind. The most that we can hope to 
do is to support the system so as to enable 
nature to overcome the disease. This, faith- 
fully done, would be the most important step 
towards recovery." 

I agree with the Doctor in regard to 
supporting the system with all sanitary meas- 
ures practicable. But as I believe in specific 
agencies, to some extent, I know that there 
are agents that have a specific effect in con- 
trolling the disease under consideration, al- 
though there are many symptoms to meet 
in the treatment of the various phases of the 
disease ; yet the indications to be met are 
not so numerous as one would suppose. 



HOG CHOLERA. 45 

After the necessary- sanitary^ precautions have 
been observed, as laid down in this work, 
you can use the following treatment with per- 
fect success : 

First, separate the sick hogs in as small 
numbers as convenient ; put them in good, 
clean pens, with plenty of fresh slacked lime 
sprinkled in them : then give them the fol- 
lowing preparation — to full-grown hogs, one 
teaspoonful to each one twice per day; pigs, 
one-half the amount: 

i^tb Chlorate of Potash (pure) ; 
I ft) Sub-carbonate of Iron ; 
I ftj May-Apple Root (powdered) ; 
I ftj Prussian Blue: 
I ftj Worm Seed (powdered) : 
12 oz. Arsenious Acid (pure). 
This should all be well powdered, and well 
mixed. 

The above compound will meet the follow- 
ing indications in the disease : 

The Iron is a tonic and stimulant to the 
blood, and increases its red corpuscles : also 
acts as a febrifuge to allay the fever. 



46 HOG CHOLERA. 

The Chlorate of Potassium is used to allay 
any general or local inflammation present; 
and perhaps there is not another remedial 
agent that has so powerful an influence over 
the disease as this. 

May-Apple Root we simply use for its ca- 
thartic, cologogue, and alterative properties. 

Prussian Blue, or Prussiate of Iron, is used 
for its anti-peHodic and tonic effects. 

Worm Seed is used as a worm destroyer 
in the stomach and bowels. 

Arsenious Acid assimilates with the irons 
and is carried to all parts of the body, de- 
stroying the trichinae and small flesh worms. 
It is also a powerful alterative. 

The above treatment will meet all the indi- 
cations in the disease except diarrhoea; where 
that is present, give to each hog one-half tea- 
spoonful of powdered alum, once per day, 
until the bowels check up, in connection with 
the above treatment. 

The treatment should be varied according 
to the season of the year. During the sum- 
mer months, when the lungs are not much 
affected, you can use fresh slacked lime by 



HOG CHOLERA. 47 

getting them in close quarters and dusting it 
in among them, causing them to breathe it 
freely, but it should not be used when the 
lungs or nostrils are badly affected, as it has 
a tendency to irritate them. 

As soon as you see that your hogs are 
the least bit affected, if you are feeding corn, 
take it away from them ; give them nothing 
to eat but boiled vegetables, if you have 
them ; if not, boiled oats, rye, or barley. 

The best way to feed the medicine is to 
make troughs with six-inch boards, strew the 
food along in the trough, then sprinkle the 
medicine along on top, and cover with more 
food. Feed the medicine at least twice per 
day for three days, then once per day until 
your hogs are well. To use as a preventa- 
tive when cholera is prevailing in the coun- 
try, first comply with our sanitary treatment, 
then give the medicine three times per week. 

The treatment, as given above, is one that 
I have practiced for a number of years with 
remarkable success ; and I am satisfied that 
all who will follow it will save their hogs. 
But the important fact to be remembered is, 



48 HOG CHOLERA. 

that It is to the interest of the owner of these 
animals to use every possible means to prevent 
the disease, as prevention is of infinitely more 
importance to him. than treatment ; but if the 
disease becomes established, it should be treat- 
ed in a rational manner, not forgetting that 
nature, when properly aided, will do as much 
to cure as medicine, if not more. 

I do not wish to lengthen out this little 
work with superfluities, with this opinion or 
that, as given by other parties. I know that 
there is much being said at the present time. 
Government has taken up the matter. Con- 
gressional appropriations have been made to 
investigate the disease. The Commissioner of 
Agriculture has appointed a board of examin- 
ers, and they are already in the field at 
work ; but what they will do in the two 
months that are allotted to them to investi- 
gate the causes of the disease, I cannot 
tell, but it is to be hoped that their efforts 
may prove successful in bringing to light 
some new features in the case that will be 
beneficial to the public. But when I take 
into consideration my own experience in the 



HOG CHOLERA. 49 

matter, I cannot think they will be able to 
come to any other conclusion with regard 
to the causes of the disease than those 
given in this little work. As regards the 
treatment, any board of scientific men that 
the Commissioner may appoint to concur in 
a treatment for the disease, that treatment 
must be of the same nature and character 
of my own. They may adopt other agents, 
but they will have to meet the same indica- 
tions. 

Before I close, I wish to caution all 
those who may use my treatment, to be 
sure, in buying drugs, that they get a chem- 
ically pure article. Tell your druggist, if he 
has not got good drugs of full strength, to 
send and get them for you. 

Another matter that I overlooked in the 
proper place: It is a common practice 
among the farmers to feed coal slack to 
their hogs. This will do, if you can get it 
clear of slate, as the hard slate has a ten- 
dency to irritate the stomach. There is 
nothing in the slack that does the hog good 
except the copperas and sulphur, and it is 



50 HOG CHOLERA. 

much better to give these articles in food 
without the slack. 

Charcoal is an excellent promoter of di- 
gestion, and a good appetizer ; you can feed 
all you have a mind to. 

REASONS WHY THE DISEASE IN SWINE 
SHOULD BE PREVENTED. 

In the first place, it is a well established 
fact that, in all the hog-growing States, the 
raising of hogs is the best source of money- 
making ; and the loss of hogs by cholera, in 
the last few years, has crippled more farmers 
financially than any other misfortune. It is 
estimated that Illinois, alone, last year, lost 
$2,000,000 worth of hogs by cholera ; and it 
is probable that the loss this year will reach 
$3,000,000. 

In the second place, it is very unhealthy 
to have dead hogs laying around all over 
the country, decaying, and filling the atmos- 
phere with an obnoxious stench. 

Last, but not the least, is to have good, 
healthy hogs to send to market ; for, when 
we take into consideration the fact that 



HOG CHOLERA. 5 I 

thousands of hogs are shipped daily to mar- 
ket half dead with the cholera, hurried into 
the slaughter - pens, killed, salted, packed, 
smoked, and sent to all parts of the country 
to be consumed by the pork-eater — much of 
it a living mass of trichinae and other re- 
sults of the disease — it is, in all probability, 
the cause of one-half of the ailments of the 
pork-eater, that defy the skill of the best 
physicians. Then it is time that this matter 
was looked after in all its bearings, and 
either stop the consumption of pork, or pro- 
duce healthy hogs to make it. 

We are glad that the Government is wak- 
ing up to an interest in the matter, and 
hope that something may be done to give us 
relief. 



52 



HOG CHOLERA. 



ANALYSIS 

OF COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS KINDS OF FOOD, SHOWING 
THEIR RELATIVE VALUES FOR STOCK. 



i 

en 


i 


id 



Wheat, 

Barley, 

Oats, 

Rye, 

Corn, 

Potatoes, 

Parsnips, 1 82 

Turnips, . . . . . 

Peas, 

Artichokes, .... 
Mangel-Wurzel, . . 
Carrots, 



15 


10.8 


66.3 


4.2 


2.0 


15 


6.3 


6.4 


4.9 


2.4 


i.S 


12.6 


58-4 


5-4 


5-6 


15 


8.0 


69-5 


3.7 


2.0 


14 


II. I 


64.7 


0.4 


8.1 


75 


2.1 


18.8 


3-2 


0.2 


82 


i.i 


9.6 


5-8 


0-5 


91 


T.2 


5-T 


2.1 


0.0 


15 


23.0 


55-4 


2.0 


2.1 


70 


2.6 


17.7 


10.7 


0.7 


80 


1.2 


10. 1 


7.1 


0.6 


83 


1-3 


8.4 


6.1 


0.1 



1-7 
2.0 
3-0 
1.8 

1-7 
0.7 
i.o 
0.6 
2.5 
1-3 
1.0 
I.I 



The above table has been prepared with 
great care, and shows what kind of food con- 
tains the most nutritive matter for sustain- 
ing animal life. It will be seen by the table 
that some articles of food contain more ma- 
terial for fat than others ; while others are 
adapted to building up the bone, muscle, 
and other constitutional parts of the animal. 
It will be noticed that corn contains more 
fat than any other food, yet its consdtutional 
strength is lost in its lack of sugar, salts, 



HOG CHOLERA. 53 

and albumen ; consequently, an animal fed 
upon It exclusively, will have a weak, fatty 
muscle, with an open, porous bone, tender, 
fatty stomach and intestines, and will readily 
become a victim to any epizootic influences 
that may be carried to him in the atmosphere. 

The pea contains more nutritive matter 
for bone and muscle than any other food, 
and excels all others except corn and oats 
in fatty matter. Although in this country 
the crop is not a profitable one, owing to the 
labor required to produce them, yet we would 
advise breeders of choice sw^ine to feed them 
in preference to any other food, if they want 
a good, strong constitutioned hog — one that 
will not be subject to disease. 

The next article of food for swine, espe- 
cially in point of value, is the artichoke. 
From the large amount of sugar it contains, 
with its starch and salts, it Is easily con- 
verted into material to supply the bone and 
muscular systems. Every farmer ought to 
have a few acres for his hogs. They can be 
raised for one cent a bushel. In theoretical 

value, they are worth for stock one-fifth of 
4 



54 HOG CHOLERA. 

corn; practically, they are worth from one- 
third to one-half. Hogs can be turned into 
the artichoke field about the middle of Sep- 
tember, and will do well until the ground 
freezes solid. They can be turned in again 
in the Spring, as soon as the frost is out a 
few inches, and can remain until the first of 
May. Not only the cheapness of the arti- 
choke, but the time of year they can be fed, 
should be considered in estimating their 
practical value. As soon as the hogs are 
turned out, it would be well to give the 
ground a good coat of manure, and a thor- 
ough plowing ; but they will do well without 
either. Plant two bushels of seed to the 
acre. 

Mangel -Wurzel is a root in very high fa- 
vor among English stock-raisers, on account 
of the immense yield — sometimes over forty 
tons per acre — the ease with which it is 
gathered and stored, and the relish with 
which all kinds of stock devour it. It pos- 
sesses about two-fifths of the nutritive value 
of artichokes, is easily touched with frost, re- 
quires very rich soil and considerable labor 



HOG CHOLERA. 55 

in cultivation. Five pounds of seed is suffi- 
cient for an acre. 

Carrots are a very excellent food for 
young stock of any kind; from the amount 
of sugar they contain, with their salts, are 
well calculated to eive a vioforous and 
healthy constitution. They should be planted 
in rows, from two and a half to three feet 
apart, in a deep, loamy soil, and cultivated 
like corn. Three pounds of seed will plant 
an acre. 

As regards the balance of our table, their 
principal values as food are pretty well un- 
derstood by stock-breeders. 

HOW TO MAKE CHEAP PORK. 

For seventy-five hogs, you want twenty- 
five acres of land, divided as follows : The 
first five acres put in blue grass, the second 
five in clover, ten in oats and peas in Spring 
and rye in Fall, and the fifth five acres in 
artichokes. 

Have one movable fence across the field. 
As soon as the ground is thawed on top in 
the Spring, let your hogs in on the arti- 



56 HOG CHOLERA. 

chokes. About the first of May take them 
off the artichokes, and keep them on bhie 
grass till the first of June. Then turn them 
on clover until your oats and peas are ready, 
and about the first of October turn back on 
artichokes, and keep on until the ground 
freezes solid. In the meantime you can dig 
a thousand or two bushels, and put into the 
cellar for winter feeding. Your rye will 
make good pasturage in the Fall for young 
stock. 

If this course is pursued, you can make 
pork for three cents per pound ; and if you 
will carry out the sanitary handling of swine 
as given in this work, with the above course 
of feeding, you will forever banish that 
dreaded calamity — Hog Cholera — from your 
farms. 



CHICKEN CHOLERA. 



This disease among poultry is probably as 
little understood as that of cholera among 
swine, and made its appearance about the 
same time in this country, and has prevailed 
in all sections of the country where cholera 
has been amongst hogs. But the most re- 
markable feature of the disease is, that it 
very rarely occurs on a place at the same 
time, but either precedes or immediately fol- 
lows it. I remarked for a number of years 
that, if I had the chicken cholera on my 
place in the Spring, I was sure to have the 
hog cholera in the Summer or Fall, or 
vice versa. That there is a similarity in the 
diseases, no one who has investigated will 



58 CHICKEN CHOLERA. 

deny. But the organism is so dissimilar 
that the different phases of the disease that 
present themselves in the hog are not found 
in the fowl, although it is quite as fatal 
among fowls as swine, often destroying 
whole flocks. 

Cause. — It is thought by some that the 
importation of fine breeds into this country 
has had much to do towards bringing on 
the disease. This may have something to do 
with its fatality, from the fact that the dif- 
ferent breeds that have been imported have 
not the hardy constitutions of the "old dung- 
hill" breed of twenty-five years ago. But 
the fact that twenty-five or thirty years ago 
we had no chicken cholera in this country, 
is not proof that the disease of the present 
day is the result of changing the breeds 
any more than the importation and changing 
of the breeds of swine have to do with the 
production of hog cholera. And yet, no doubt, 
these changes have something to do .with 
its fatality. Another great cause of its fa- 
tality is unhealthy food, stale water, and 
filthy hen-houses. It is just as necessary to 



CHICKEN CHOLERA. 59 

the health of fowls to breathe a healthy, 
pure atmosphere, as it is to the human 
family, and cleanliness and disinfectants are 
jijst as necessary to procure pure air. Yet 
all these precautions will not prevent the 
disease from attacking your flocks. But you 
may, with proper sanitary measures and dis- 
infecting agencies, reduce the malignancy of 
the disease, so that it will readily yield to 
proper treatmxent. 

For the general causes of this disease we 
quote from that given as the general causes 
of hog cholera: 

" I . An epidemic or epizootic atmospherical 
poison. 

" 2. The local condition adapted to receive 
and propagate the poison existing in the at- 
mosphere. 

"With regard to the first cause, very little 
is known. It may be an animal or vegetable 
existence, or a chemical or electrical change 
in the atmosphere. Nor is anything known 
of the differences in the condition of the at- 
mosphere by which such dissimilar epidemic 
or epizootic diseases are produced at differ- 



6o CHICKEN CHOLERA. 

ent times. But, judging from their effects, I 
conclude that these primary causes of epi- 
demics exist in the atmosphere ; that they 
spread over a greater or less extent of coun- 
try, in accordance with laws with which we 
are not acquainted, and, alighting upon the 
earth, produce their effects wherever they 
find the local condition adapted to their 
propagation. 

'•Then the co-existence of both the causes 
given — viz, the atmospherical poison and the 
local conditions — are necessary for the exten- 
sive development of the disease. When both 
these causes are present in any locality, and 
healthy animals are brought into that locality, 
a portion of them, and sometimes all will, con- 
tract the disease. But this important fact is 
to be remembered, that both these causes 
may exist in a locality, whether any animals 
are present or not." 

SYMPTOMS. 

The first symptoms noticeable in this dis- 
ease of fowls, is a sleepy, languishing look, 
w^ith the head drawn down to the body, the 



CHICKEN CHOLERA. 6 1 

feathers ruffled, comb pale, eyes weak and 
half closed, a constant thirst, and usually, but 
not always, diarrhoea. In the first stages of 
the disease a small amount of food is taken 
into the craw, but in the last stage the fowl 
refuses to eat. The duration of the disease 
varies very much ; sometimes the fowls living 
but a few hours, while others live many days. 
But few recover without treatment. 

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. 

In most cases, after death, the flesh has a 
bluish color. The small intestines are either 
empty or filled with an offensive fluid, with 
a soft and spongy condition of the inner 
coat, with a much darker color than natural, 
showing the presence of inflammation in 
death. 

The Liver. — This organ, after death, is 
found much paler than natural, and is very 
flabby and soft. 

The Craw — Is usually empty, with a slimy 
condition of the inner coat. 

The Gizzard. — This organ, answering the 



62 CHICKEN CHOLERA. 

purpose of larger intestines in hogs, is usu- 
ally full of hard, indigested food, with a very 
offensive smell. 

PREVENTIVES. 

To prevent a malignant type of the dis- 
ease, you should have good, warm hen- 
houses in the Winter, well ventilated at the 
top. In the Summer fowls should roost in 
the open air. Keep good, pure water handy 
for them to run to at will. The best plan 
is to have a good-sized trough near your 
well ; take a pound of assafoetida, put it in 
two or three places in the bottom of the 
trough, nail leather over it, and keep it full 
of water for your fowls to drink. Keep 
your .brood and setting-houses clean, and 
once per week sprinkle carbolic acid around 
in them ; and once per month use fresh 
slacked lime all around your chicken yards 
and in the brood and laying-houses. These 
things are excellent disinfectants, and have a 
tendency to destroy the animal or vegetable 
poison that may be in the atmosphere. 



CHICKEN CHOLERA. 63 

FOOD. 

This is a more important matter in the 
Winter than Summer ; as fowls in the Sum- 
mer procure their own food, especially on 
farms. In Winter, feed any kind of grain, 
but remember fowls must have gravel or 
coarse sand to run to any time of the year, 
as these articles are as necessary to aid 
digestion in the fowl as is gastric juice to 
the human stomach; thus it is necessary, in 
a Northern climate, to provide these things 
handy for their use in Winter. 

Give at least once per week, throughout 
the year, to each dozen fowls, one teaspoon- 
ful of Cayenne pepper, in any kind of food 
handy, as this has a tendency to stimulate 
the system and aid digestion. 

Hens with their broods should be fed 
nothing but cooked food until the chickens 
are weaned. A small amount of Cayenne 
pepper should be given in their food every 
day. 



64 CHICKEN CHOLERA, 

TREATMENT. 

The important fact to be remembered is, 
that it is for the interest of the owner of 
fowls to use every possible means to prevent 
the disease from assuming a malignant type. 
This is of infinitely more importance to him 
than treatment, from the fact that the co-ex- 
istence of the local and atmospherical causes 
produces its malignant type. The atmos- 
pheric cause can be removed to some ex- 
tent by the use of disinfectants ; but the lo- 
cal causes may be removed almost entirely 
with proper sanitary measures. Yet if the 
disease becomes established, it should be 
treated in a rational manner, not forgetting 
that nature, when properly aided, will do 
much towards a cure. 

As soon as it is discovered that the dis- 
ease has made its appearance among your 
fowls, give the following composition : 

I ft) Chlorate Potassium (pure) ; 

^ ft) Capsicum ; 

i^ ft) Alum ; 

^ ft) May-Apple Root (powdered) ; 

I ft) Bi-carbonate of Iron. 



CHICKEN CHOLERA. 65 

This should be well powdered and mixed, 
and to each dozen fowls one full teaspoonful, 
mixed in a pint of well cooked corn mush, 
three times per day. This should be fol- 
lowed up as long as you see any signs of 
cholera on your place. 

The chlorate of potash will remove all in- 
flammation ; the capsicum acts as a stimulant ; 
alum acts as an astringent and alterative ; 
May-apple acts upon the liver, and moves 
off all offensive matter from the intestines ; 
the iron enriches the blood and gives it 
tone. 

With the above treatment, and proper 
sanitary precautions, you will be able to save 
all your fowls. 



A. C MOORE & SON. 



■ We are raising- over 500 Pigs for this 
season's trade. Progeny of Hogs that have 
taken more and larger sweepstakes and 
pork-packers' premiums, than can be shown 

BY ANY OTHER MAN ON ANY BREED. StOck all 

healthy and doing well. 

Having made a specialty of this breed 
for thirty-two years, those desiring the 
thorough-bred 

POLAND-CHINA 

should send to headquarters. Our breeders 
will be registered in the American Poland- 
China Record. Pedigree sent with each 
sale. Photographs of twenty-five breeders 
free. Swine Journal, 25 cents. 

Price Down to Suit the Times. 

Address 

A. C MOORE & SON, 

CANTON, ILLINOIS. 



THORNTOWN, INDIANA, 

Berkshire and Poland-CMna Swine. 



STOCK FOR sAr.£:. 



CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



BERKSHIRES. 

22 SOWS BRED. 

Sir Dorchester Cardi, 509, at the head of the herd. 

Imported English Lady and Nona, finely 

bred SaUies, in the herd. 



A few Substantial Short-Horns, 

Bulls and Heifers, at low prices. Baron Lyndall 
at the head of the herd. 

Fa7mlies — Ilhistrious, Delight, Loiiafis, Elizabeth, Etc, 

W. C. NORTON, 

DURANT, IOWA. 



BREEDERS' DIRECTORY, 



H. C. CASTLE, Wilmington, III., breeder of Poland- 
China Hogs. Good stock always for sale. Prices 
reasonable. 



E. F. JACKSON, breeder and shipper of pure Essex 
Swine. Pigs choicely bred. Prices low and satisfac- 
tion guaranteed. Sperry Station, Iowa. 



RICHARD M. HOE, Morrisania, N. Y., importer and 
breeder of small Yorkshire Swine. Stock for sale. 
Correct pedigrees given. Address for price, Geo. W. 
Harris, Manager "Brightsides," Morrisania, N. Y. 



CHESTER WHITE PIGS.— I am breeding and have for 
sale pure blooded pigs of this fine breed, at my farm, 
near Donnellson Station (Lee county), Iowa. 

James Stevens. 



HEWER BROS., Belvidere, III., and Seven Hampton, 
England, importers and breeders of pure English Berk- 
shires of the best strain. The finest stock always for 
sale. 

GEORGE KYGER, Oxford (Butler county), Ohio, 
breeder of Pola?id-China Hogs. Stock for sale at rea- 
sonable prices; shipped to all parts of the country. 
5 



7o BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 

H. H. GRIMSHAW, Paola, Kansas, breeder of pure 
Essex^ Berkshire^ and Poland-China Hogs. Young 
stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 

EMORY & SAYERS, Osceola, Iowa. Very best Berk- 
shires and Poland-Chinas for sale cheap. Try us. 

SAMUEL H. WILSON, Pleasant Grove (Des Moines 
county), Iowa, breeder of Poland-Chi7ia Swine of the 
purest and best strains. Young stock for sale. 



PHIL. D. MILLER, Panora, Iowa, breeder and shipper 
of Berkshire and Pola?id-China Hogs, bred from the 
best stock in existence. I guarantee satisfaction in 
every sale. 

G. H. KIMM, breeder of thorough-bred English Berk- 
shire and Poland-China Swine, Robin (Benton county), 
Iowa. 

D. M. MORSE, Eldora, Iowa, breeder of the pure Berk- 
shire, of the Sallie, Sweet Seventeeji, and other noted 
famiUes. Young stock for sale; prices low. Corres- 
pondence solicited. 

J. N. STOAKS, Traer (Tama county), Iowa, breeder of 
thorough-bred Berkshire Swifte. My stock has been 
selected with care, from the herds of S. A. Knapp and 
Eli ElHott. 



E. H. SEYMOUR, Danville (Des Moines county), Iowa, 
breeder of Berkshire and Poland-China Swine. Stock 
for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



CHARLES ROBINSON, De Witt (Clinton county), 
Iowa, breeds thorough-bred Berkshires. Sires, Crowfi 
Prifice 17 and Bob Lee. Twenty sows. Accurate de- 
scriptions furnished. 



breeders' directory. 71 

E. WAIT &[ SON, La Grange (Walworth county), Wis., 
breeders of t^wyq Fola?id - China Swine. Our stock is 
descended from the herds of B. F. Fowler, of Wiscon- 
sin, and D. M. Magie, of Ohio. 



J.'GILMORE, Bonny View Farm (one-half a mile south 
of Vinton, Iowa). Breeding of superior Poland-China 
Hogs and light Brahma Chickens a specialty. I will 
show my breeding herd against any in the state. 



PHILO HAYNES & SON, Iowa City, Iowa, breeders 
of Chester White Swine, from the purest blood in the 
country. Young stock for sale. Residence, one-half 
mile north of the city. 



H. S. VAN BUREN, Brandon (Buchanan county), Iowa, 
breeder of pure Essex and Berkshire Swine, Pigs for 
sale at reasonable rates. Correspondence solicited. 



VALENTINE HICKS, Lee Center (Lee county), III., 
breeder of pure blooded Poland-Chifia Hogs. Pigs for 
sale. Correspondence solicited. 



CAMPBELL & POWLES, Mt. Union (Henry county), 
Iowa, breeders and shippers of Pola7id- China Hogs. 
Choice breeding stock for sale. Orders promptly filled 
by freight or express. Satisfaction guaranteed. 



D. W. MILLER & CO., South English, Iowa, breeders 
of choice, pure bred Berkshire and Poland-China Hogs, 
of the most improved type. Pigs for sale within the 
reach of the farmer. Letters of inquiry promptly an- 
swered. 



W. H. KRAMER, De Soto (Dallas county), Iowa, 
breeder of pure Poland- Chi?ia Swine. Choice stock 
for sale at all times, and at reasonable rates. 



72 BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 

E. H. & S. NICHOLS, Millersburgh (Mercer county), 
III., breeders of thorough-bred Poland-China and Berk- 
shire Swine. Our stock is selected from the best in the 
country. We also breed Meriiio Sheep. Young stock 
for sale. 



R. STEVENS, Martelle (Jones county), Iowa, breeder 
of thorough-bred Short-Horn Cattle^ Berkshire Swine, 
and fine Horses. 



A. A. WENTZ, Vinton, Iowa, breeder of Short-Horn 
Cattle, Poland- Chi?ia and Jersey Red Switie. Corres- 
pondence solicited. 



PLINY NICHOLS, West Liberty, Iowa, breeder of 
Short -Horn Cattle a,nd Poland -China Hogs. Animals 
of both sexes, desirable for foundation of herds, and 
plainer bred ones, all at reasonable rates. A few young 
bulls, nicely bred by Peri, Duke of Oneida, 20,582, on 
hand. 

A. J. ROGERS, Sublette (Lee county). III., breeder 
of thorough-bred Short -Horn Cattle and Berkshire 
Swine. Stock for sale at low prices. Correspondence 
solicited. 

THOMAS T. TURNER, Normandy, Mo., breeder of 
Herd Register Jersey Cattle, Trotting Horses, Shetland 
Ponies, Shropshire Sheep, and registered Berkshires. 
Correspondence solicited. 

A. & G. DAVIDSON, Monticello (Jones county), Iowa, 
breeders and shippers of Clydesdale Horses and Berk- 
shire Sivine. First-class stock of both sexes constantly 
on hand. 

L. RAWSON, Oak Creek (Milwaukee county). Wis., 
breeder of thorough-bred North Devo?i Cattle and South 
Down Sheep. Young stock for sale. Correspondence 
solicited. 



BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 73 

JOSEPH MORTON, Oxford (Butler county), Ohio, 
breeder and shipper of Poland- China Hogs. "Young 
Perfection" at the head of the herd. He was shown, in 
the fall of 1877, at the following fairs, and was success- 
ful both in his class and sweepstakes: Paris, Ky., Indi- 
ana State Fair, and Butler county, Ohio. 

W. E. McQUILLIN, Sunnyside, North Hadley, Mass., 
importer and breeder of BerksJm-e Figs, Ayrshire Cat- 
tle, Oxford Doum Sheep, and English Game Fowls. 

SAMUEL DYSART, Franklin Grove (Lee county), 
III., owner and conductor of the "Pines Stock Farm." 
Choice, pure-bred Short -Hoi'7i Cattle, improved Berk- 
shire Swine, bred and for sale at prices within the reach 
of the farmer. 

WILLIAM HASTIE, Summerset (Warren county), 
Iowa, breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, Leicester and Cots- 
wold Sheep. Good stock of each variety. 



FITCH B. STACY, Stacyville (Mitchell county), Iowa, 
breeder of Short-Horiis, Cotswold Sheep, Berkshire 
Swine, and Fartridge Cochi?i Foidtry. Stock for sale. 
Correspondence solicited. 



EDWARD FRIES, Sherrill's Mound Stock Farm (Sher- 
rill's Mound P. O.), Iowa, breeder of Essex, Suffolk, 
Berkshire, and Foland-Chiiia Swine, Cotswold and Lei- 
cester Sheep, Cashmere Goats, Shepherd and Neivfound- 
land Dogs. 



MAIN VALLEY U.Y.^V>.— Short-Horn Cattle and Foland- 
China Swine. Address Chandler Jordon, Waubeek 
(Linn county), Iowa. 

JACOB STARRY, Olin (Jones county), Iowa, breeder 
of choice Devoji Cattle, Leicester Sheep, and Foland- 
China Hogs, of the most improved type. Stock for 
sale. 



74 breeders' directory. 

WILLIAM M. RUGGLES, Walnut Grove Farm (five 
miles north of Mechanicsville), Iowa, breeder of Short- 
Hor7i Cattle, Poland-China Sivine, and Cotswold Sheep, 
all of pure breeding. Young stock for sale at reason- 
able prices. 

JOHN MITCHELL, " Poplar Hill Farm," Fairfax, Iowa, 
breeder and importer of Leicester Sheep and Berkshire 
and Poland-Chi?ia Swine. Stock always on hand and 
for sale. 



J. P. McCULLY, WiNFiELD (Henry county), Iowa, 
breeder of pure Short-Horn Cattle and Poland-China 
Hogs. 

B. M. ROBINS, Osceola, Iowa, breeder of Short-Horn 
Cattle and Poland-Chi7ia Swine. Choice stock for sale 
at all times. Address, for particulars, as above. 

D. W. McCROSKEY, " Blue Grass Stock Farm," Tipton 
(Cedar county), Iowa, breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, 
Berkshire Swine, and Cotswold Sheep. Correspondence 
solicited. 



W. R. WILLS, PiTTSFiELD (Pike county). III., breeder 
of Short-Horn Cattle and Cotswold Sheep. Stock for 
sale at reasonable rates. Correspondence solicited. 

W. H. LEAVITT, Cedar Valley (Blackhawk county), 
Iowa, breeder of pure Pola^id-CJmia Swine and Short- 
Horn Cattle. 

S. R. PRICE, breeder of Short-Hor?i Cattle and Poland- 
Chifia Swine, Belle Plaine, Iowa. Stock sold and 
shipped. Satisfaction guaranteed. 

J. B. GILBERT, Lewisville, Ind., breeder of pure Po- 
land-Chifia Hogs. Stock for sale at reasonable rates. 
Correspondence solicited. 



BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 75 

SAMUEL L. DRAGOO, Edinburg, Ind., breeder of 
pure Polatid-China Hogs. Stock for sale. Correspon- 
* dence solicited. 

LLOYD MUGG, Center, Ind., breeder and shipper of 
pure Poland-China Hogs. Stock for sale at reasonable 
tates and satisfaction guaranteed. 

G. W. HOMAN, Portland Mills, Ind., breeder of 
choice Poland-China Swine. Young stock for sale at 
reasonable rates. 

F. M. PITZER, KoKOMO, Ind., breeder of thorough-bred 
Poland-China Swine. Stock for sale in pairs not akin. 
"Perfection" is at the head of herd. 

J. H. HAYNES, Delphi, Ind., breeder of pure Berkshire 
Swine and Swiss Cattle ; also Toulouse., Bremen., Black 
African, White Chifia, Ho?ig Kong, and Sebastapol 
Geese. 

J. W. SHELL, Thorntown, Ind., breeder of thorough- 
bred Berkshire Swine. Stock for sale. Satisfaction 
guaranteed. Correspondence solicited. 

W. x\. MACY, Lewisville (Henry county), Ind., breeder 
of pure Poland-China Swine of the best strain, and 
Devo7i Cattle. Stock 'for sale at reasonable rates. 

TURNER & FOSHER, Fincastle (Putnam county), 
Ind., breeder <ii Poland-China and Chester White Hogs. 
Stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 

R. F. PHILLIPS, Franklin (Johnson county), Ind., 
breeder of pure Berkshire Swine. Stock for sale and 
guaranteed as represented. Correspondence solicited. 

W. H. WILSON, New Salem, Ind., breeder of the im- 
proved Berkshires (better known as the Lee family^. 
First premium on aged sow at Indiana State Fair, 1876. 



76 breeders' directory. 

H. C. WILLETT, Greenfield (Hancock county), Ind., 
breeder and '^v^^ox oi Poland-China Hogs ; color, dark 
spotted, and all from premium hogs. Satisfaction guar- 
anteed. 



H. W. TOMKINS, Fenton (St. Louis county), Mo., 
breeder of Cheste?" White and Berkshire Swine. Young 
stock constantly on hand for sale. Correspondence 
solicited. 



H. CROMWELL, West Port, Mo., breeder of pure 
Berkshire Swifie and White Legho?^n Chickens. None 
but first-class stock shipped. Correspondence solicited. 
Box 184. 



ED. F. RANKIN, Homer (Atchison county). Mo., 
breeder of pure Berkshire Pigs, and Mammoth Bronze 
Turkeys of large size and fine style. Stock for sale. 



C. F. WHITTIER, Northfield, Minn., breeder of pure 
blood Suffolk Swine. Pigs for sale. Price low. Cor- 
respondence solicited. 



GORHAM McPHETERS, Richfield, Minn., breeder 
of pure bred Essex Swine. Stock for sale. Corres- 
pondence sohcited. 

M. T. GRATTEN, Preston (Fillmore county), Minn., 
breeder of Berkshires. Imported '' Bismark 2d'' at the 
head of herd. Certified pedigree sent with every pig. 
Write for catalogue. 

E. R. MOODY, Eminence, Ky., breeder of pure blooded 
Chester White Pigs, Pekin Ducks, and imported Light 
Brahnia Chicks. Standard varieties. 



M. STEVENSON, Eldersville, Pa., breeder of 
hoice Chester White Pigs. Have 
enteen years. Young stock for sale. 



choice Chester White Pigs. Have bred them for sev 



HRKKDERS' DIRKCTORY. 77 

ALBERT CRANK, Durham Park iMorrisoii county), 
Kan., breeder of BerksJiirc Sn'mc. The best and 
largest herd in the west. Catalogue free. 



T. J. ANDERSON, Monroe, Wis., breeder of Poland- 
Ch'ma and small Yorkshire Swine. Choice, for sale in 
pairs not akin. Price low. Correspondence solicited. 



(t. W. BYERS, Sycamore (Wyandotte county), Ohio, 
breeder of Berkshire and Poland-China Swine. Berk- 
shires from Midnight, Lord Humphrey, and Sallie fam- 
ilies. 



A. JOHNSON, Clifton (Greene county), Ohio, breeder 
of pure Poland-China Hogs and mammoth Bronze Tur- 
keys. Stock for sale. Satisfaction guaranteed. 



T. C. ROBISON, PiQUA, Ohio, breeder and shipper of 
Poland-CJiina Hogs. Pedigree the best. Young stock 
for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



R. SWISHER, Woodstock, Ohio, breeder of thorough- 
bred Berkshires, bred only from premium stock. Stock 
for sale. Correspondence solicited. 

J. C. CHAMBERLALV, Troy, Ohio, breeder of pure 
Poland-China Hogs; none other bred. This breed a 
specialty. Yoiyig stock for sale. 



D. W. TODD, "Ohio Herd," Urbana, Ohio, breeder 
of pure Berkshires. Breeding stock for sale at reason- 
able rates, and pedigrees furnished. 

ADAM GERLAUGH, Alpha (Green county), Ohio, 
breeder of Berkshire Swine and Leicester Sheep. Stock 
for sale. Correspondence solicited. 

HIRE & JOHNSON, Jeffersonville, Ohio, breeders of 
pure Poland -China Swine. Stock for sale at reasona- 
ble rates. Correspondence solicited. 
() 



78 breeders' directory. 

J. DOUTHETT, Xenia, Ohio, breeder of thorough-bred 
Poland - Cliina Pigs. Also, Hght and dark Brahma 
Chickens. Stock and eggs for sale. 

TODD, CLIFFORD & CO., Vermillion, Ohio, breeders 
of purest and best pedigreed and registered Berkshires. 
Prize winners at Northern Ohio State and Tri-State 
Fairs. 



H. J. STARR, Cary, Ohio, breeder of Pola?id - China 
S7C'ine, American Merino Sheep., and Trotting Horses. 

WILLIAM H. GREER, Oxford, Ohio, breeder of Po- 
land-China Hogs. Stock for sale, and shipped to all 
points by express or freight. 

S. H. TODD, Wakeman, Ohio, breeder of pure Chester 
White Swine. My herd won fifteen first and four 
sweepstake premiums at the Ohio and Indiana State 
Fairs for 1873. Pigs for sale. 



D. F. VICKERY, Charlotte, Michigan, breeder of 
thorough-bred Berkshire and Suffolk Swijie. All cor- 
respondence promptly answered. Residence, Benton, 
Eaton county. 



T. GILL, Genoa (Livingston county), Michigan, 
breeder of thorough-bred Essex Swnie. Stock for sale 
at reasonable rates. Correspondence solicited. 



PRAIRIE FARM HERD BERKSHIRES.— My herd is 

second. to none in the West in point of breeding and 
imported animals. Sallie, Bella Donna, Robin Hood, 
and other noted families represented. Stock for sale. 
Address, J. W. Cox, Northfield (Des Moines county), 
Iowa. 

BERKSHIRES of the best strain. Stock for sale. Satis- 
faction guaranteed. Write for information and price. 
Address, T. L. Miller, Beecher, III. 



BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 79 

HKRiMAX HELLMUTH, Burlington, Iowa, breeder of 
}jure Pola?id - China and Essex Swine, and Trotting 
Horses. Stock for sale on reasonable terms. 

G. W. BLACKWELL, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, breeder of 
pure Poland-Chifia Swine, of Butler county, Ohio, strain, 
and light Brahma Fowls. Stock for sale. 

JOSEPH T. IXGMAX, Villisca, Iowa, breeder of pure 
Berkshires and Poland-Chinas. " Gloster Hero '' at 
head of herd; sired by " Lord Liverpool." 

S. S. HORTOX. West Libert\', Iowa, breeder of pure 
Poland -China Swine. Young stock for sale. Corres- 
pondence solicited. 

C. S. PADEX', Grinnell, Iowa, breeder of thorough-bred 
Berkshire Swine. Young stock for sale at reasonable 
rates. Correspondence solicited. 



IOWA STOCK FARM, Butler Center, Iowa. Pure 

Berkshire Swine bred and for sale. Correspondence 
solicited. I. M. Fisher, Superintendent. 

JOSIAH X'^ICOL, Columbus Junction. Iowa, breeder 
and shipper of Poland-China Hogs. Choice breeding 
.stock for sale. Satisfaction guaranteed. 

JAMES I. DAVIDSOX, Balsam P. O., Ontario, Cana- 
da, breeder of Clydesdale Horses and Short-Horn Cattle. 
My last importation was nineteen heifers and one bull, 
from Littyton, Scotland. 

M. H. COHRAX, Hillshurst Compton, Quebec. Can- 
ada, breeder of Short-Horn Cattle and Shetland Ponies. 
A herd of Ayrshire Cattle for sale. Catalogue sent on 
application. 

R. G. ARMSTROXG, Markham, Ontario, Canada, 
breeder of Short -Horn Cattle and Cotsivold Sheep. 
Young stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



So breeders' directory. 

R. & J. HUNTER, Alma P. O., Ontario, Canada, 
breeder and importer of Short-Hoi'7i Cattle, and Clydes- 
dale Horses. Stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



JOHN & JAMES HOPE, Markham, Ontario, Canada, 
importers and breeders of S/iort-Horn Cattle, Cotswold 
Sheep, Clydesdale Horses, and Berkshire Hogs. Corres- 
pondence solicited. 



W. MAJOR & SON, Mt. Pleasant Farm, White Vale, 
Ontario, Canada, breeders and importers of Short- 
Horn Cattle, Clydesdale Horses, Cotswold Sheep, and 



Berkshire Pigs. 



JOHN URYDEN, Brooklyn, Ontario, Canada, import- 
er and breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, and long-wooled 
Sheep. 

BIRRELL & JOHNSTON, (Greenwood, Ontario, Can- 
ada, breeders of Short -Horn Cattle, Heavy Draff 
Horses, and Cotswold Sheep. Young stock for sale. 



DAVID CHRISTIE, near Pares, Ontario, Canada, 
breeder of Short-Horn Cattle of the most fashionable 
famiHes. Send for catalogue. 

JOHN MILLER, Brouoham, Ontario, Canada, importer 
and bi-eeder of Short-Horn. Cattle, Berkshire Figs, and 
Cotsivold Sheep. 



J. G. A. & G. M. COULTER, Reesville (Clinton coun- 
ty), Ohio, breeders of pure Short -Horns (some of pure 
Booth blood). Imported "Royal Rosedale " (18,271) 
at the head of herd. 

C. HILLS, "Crystal Springs Farm," Delaware, Ohio, 

breeder of thorough-bred Short-Horn Cattle. Rose of 

Sharo?is, and deep milkers, specialties. 
_ 

J. C. STEVENS, Kenton (Hardin county), Ohio, breeder 
of Short -Hor 71 Cattle and Poland -China Pigs. Stock 
for sale. Come and see me, or write. 



breeders' DIREC'rOR\ 



81 



THOMAS C. JONES, Delaware, Ohio, Short-Horn Cat- 
tle, Berkshire Pigs, and Southdoion Sheep. 

JOHN MONTCiOMERY, Granviele (Licking county) 

Ohio, breeder oi Short-Horn Cattle. 13th and iSth 

, Dukes of (rranville at the head of herd. Stock for sale 



G. J. HAGERTY, Hanover (Licking county), Ohio 
breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, Southdown Sheep, and 
Berkshire Hogs. Catalogue on application. All ages 
for sale. * 



LESTER BLISS & SON, Delphos (Allen county), Ohio 
breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, Poland- China Ho^s, and 
Cotswold Sheep. Stock for sale. Correspondence so- 
licited. 



JOHN S. STEEL, Anderson (Ross county), Ohio 
breeder of Short-Horn Cattle and Berkshire S^vine. 
Stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



R. GEORGE DUN, "Plumvvood Herd," London, Ohio 

breeder of .S'//^;/-/-^^,;/-// G;-///,-. Ciood stock for sale. Send 
for catalogue. 



SH \S C SMITH, "Highland Home," Ashtabula, 
Ohio, breeder of thorough-bred Short-Horn Cattle. 
Correspondence solicited. Cows, heifers, and bulls 
for sale. 



ANDERSON DE WITT, Washington C. H., Ohio 
breeder of Short-Horn Cattle, Southdoicm Sheep, and 
Berkshire Hogs. Stock for sale. 



F. C. HERRINGTON, Geneva (Kane county), III 
breeder of Jersey Cattle and Trotting Horses. All in 
quiries promptly answered. 



A. GARRITSON & BRO., Pendleton (Madison county), 
Ind., breeder of herd registered /d-z-i-^^ Cattle and Poland- 
Cluna Swme. Young stock for sale. 



82 breeders' directory. 

G. F. MILLER, "Cedar Mound Stock Farm," Cedar 
Rapids, Iowa, importer and breeder of herd registered 
Jersey Cattle and Be7'kshire Swine. Stock for sale. 

JAMES SMITH, "Lyndale Farm," Minneapolis, Minn., 
breeder of herd registered Je7'sey Cattle., Lincoln Sheep., 
and Berkshire Swine. Correspondence sohcited. 



C. R. C. DYE, "Wahuit Grove Farm," Troy, Ohio, 
breeder of registered Jersey Cattle., Trotting and Clydes- 
dale Horses, Poland-China and Berkshire Swine. 



V. BARBER, Decatur (Macon county), III., breeder of 
Jersey Cattle and Berkshire Swine. Stock for sale. 
Send for catalogue. 

GEO. L. WRENN, Highland Park (Lake county), III., 
twenty-two miles north of Chicago, breeder of choice 
registered Jersey Cattle. Stock for sale. City office, 80 
Washington street. 

SAMUEL STRATTON, Litchfield, III., importer and 
breeder of Jersey Cattle ; also breeder of Cotswold 
Sheep and Chester White Pigs. 



J. C. & D. PENNINGTON, Paterson, N. J., breeders 
of herd registered y^r^-rt' Cattle ; also Black Hambi^rg 
and Light BraJwia Fozuls. Eggs, $3 and $5 for thirteen. 

C. S. DOLE, Crystal Lake, III., breeder oi Jersey Cattle 
and Southdown Sheep. Breeding stock for sale. 



GEO. E. WARRING, Jr., "Ogdon Farm," Newport, 
R. I., breeder of pure blood Jersey Cattle. Stock for 
sale. Catalogue furnished on application. 

Z. C. LUSE & SON, Iowa City, Iowa, breeder of pure 
Jersey Cattle^ from imported stock. Cows, young bulls, 
and heifer calves for sale, either single or in herds. 



breeders' directory. 83 

W. C. KISER, Madison, Wis., breeder of Short-Horn 
Cattle, Cotswold Sheep, and Polmid-China Hogs. Stock 
for sale at reasonable rates. Correspondence solicited. 

OGILVIE & CURTIS, Madison, Wis., breeders of Short- 
Horn Cattle, Clydesdale Horses, and Cotswold Sheep. 
First-class stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 

GEORGE HARDING, "Anoka Farm," Waukesha, Wis., 
breeder of Sort-Horn Cattle, Cotsivold Sheep, and Berk- 
shire Pigs. Stock for sale. Correspondence solicited. 



CHARLES H. WILLIAMS, "Elmwood," Barahoo, W15 



breeder of pure bred Short-Horti Cattle. 



FOX RIVER STOCK ASSOCIATION, Elgin, 111. 
The majority of the Hoist e ins in the West are of our im- 
portations. We select our stock personally, in Hol- 
land. It cannot be excelled in quality. 

D. D. TRACY, Erie, Pa., breeder of pure-bred regis- 
tered Holsteins. Cows, heifers, young bulls, and calves 
for sale at reasonable rates. 

DEXTER SEVERY, Leland, III., breeder of thorough- 
bred Holsteins of the most approved families. Thor- 
ough-breds and high grades for sale. Correspondence 
solicited. 

H. MERRIAM, "Cherry Brook Farm," Weston, Mass. 
Ayrshire and Guernsey Cattle; small Yorkshire and 
Berkshire Sivi7ie from imported stock ; Bronze Turkeys. 
Prices low. 



W. F. CLARK, "Lindenbank, " Guelph, Ontario, Can., 
breeder of Ayrshire Cattle, Berkshire Pigs, and Bre- 
men Geese. 



W. T. SMITH, Elkhorn, Wis., breeder of North Devon 
Cattle, Cotswold Sheep, and Berkshire Swine, of the 
purest breeding. Stock for sale at reasonable rates. 



84 breeders' directory. 

T.. F. ROSS, Avon, III., breeder of Devon Cattle, French 
Draft Horses, and Poland-China Hogs. Yoimg stock 
for sale. 

JESSE MEAD, Bowlusville, Ohio, breeder of Devon 
Cattle and Southdown Sheep. Young stock for sale at 
reasonable rates. My famous bull, "Grant," for sale. 

JOHN A. COLE, HusTLSFORD (Dodge county), Wls., 
breeder and shipper of pure-bred Magie or Poland- 
China Sivine of the most fashionable and profitable 
strain. Stock for sale. Prices low. 



WM. M. GENTRY, Sedall4, Mo., breeder of Short- 
Horn Cattle, Southdown and Merino Sheep, and Berk- 
shire Swiiie. Choice stock for sale. Correspondence 
solicited. 

J. F. FINEEY, Breckenridge, Mo., breeder of thorough- 
bred Short-Horn Cattle and Berkshire Swine. Young 
stock for sale at reasonable rates. 



S. C. DUNCAN, Smithville (Clay county), Mo., breeder 

of Short-Horn Cattle. First-class stock for sale. Send 

for catalogue. 

■ — *- - 

WILI>. R. KING, "Prairie Home," Marshall (Saline 

county), Mo., breeder of pure Short-Horn Cattle. Stock 

for sale at reasonable rates. 

J. S. LATIMER, Abingdon (Knox county). III., breeder 
of Short-Horn Cattle and Poland-China Hogs. Stock for 
sale. Correspondence solicited. 

S. CHAPMAN & SON, Ontario (Knox county), III., 
breeders of Holstei?i Cattle. Young stock for sale. 
Satisfaction guaranteed. Correspondence sohcited. 

J. BRANARD & SON, Ontario (Knox county), III., 
breeders of Short-Horn Cattle and Poland-China Swine. 
Young stock for sale. All letters of inquiry ])romptly 
answered. 



ILLINOIS BREEDERS' DIRECTORY. 



Cattle 

NAMKS. 

Aldricb. v.. 
lU'aty, J. 11.. . 
l>o'j:gs, A. (\. 
Beideii, F. AV., 
Bond, John, 
Bvram, Mrs. E., 
Black, William, 
Bnrrnss, Geo, L. c^ Son. 
Brown. S. S., 
Brown. J. jS'.'s Soni- 
Campbell, J. L., 
Crane, A. A., 
Clark, J. G., 
Chrisnian, H., 
Car .son. Andrew, 
Cum mill us. Win., 
Crowder. Thos. H., 
Center, J. H., 
Cripj)en, S. L., . 
Deyes, Samuel, 
Dun lap, Stei)hen, 
Elliott, Georjie, 
Eunk, A. C, 
Green. C. H.. 
Gillham. J. C, . 
Gillham, I). B., 
Halloway, Robert, 
Hiogiiis, B. B., 
Houston, Rigdon, 
Hoiilton. J. iSc J. E., 
ilawkiiiK, Enoch, 
Houston & Lyon, . 
Hills, Samuel, 
lies, Edward, 



— Short-Horns. 

POST-OFFICE. 

Tiskilwa, Bureau (Jounty. 

. Nokoinis, Montoomery " 

Princeton, Bureau " 

Kaneville, Kane " 

Abingdon, Knox " 

Abingdon, Knox " 

Carrollton, Greene " 

. Carrollton, Greene " 

Galena, Jo Daviess " 

. Berlin, Sangamon " 

Abingdon, Knox 

Osco, Henry " 

Champaign, Champaign " 

St. Augustine, Knox " 

Aniboy, Lee " 

Bnda, Bureau " 

Marrowbone, Moultrie " 

Ottawa, LaSalle 

. Camp Point, Adams " 

Sciota, McDonoiigh " 
Jacksonville, Morgan 

Harristown, Macon " 

lUoomiugton, McLean ** 

Ottawa, LaSalle 

. Lincoln, Logan " 

Alton, Madison " 

. Alexis, Warren " 

Dixon, Lee " 

Blandinsville, ^IcDonough " 

Jackson Corners, AVarren 

. Hermon, Knox " 

Pontiac, Livingston " 

Lamoille, Bureati " 

. Springfield, Sangamon '' 



86 



ILLINOIS breeders' DIRECTORY, 



NAMES. 

Jones, Nelson, 
Kepple, J. & D., 
Lahman, J. C, 
Lewis, E. C, 
Latmer, J. S., 
Lippincott, C. E., 
Lowman, David, 
Lowns, J. & Son, 
Moffatt, W. & K., 
Mix, James, 
McKey, W. J., . 
Noel, Wm., 
Niccolls, C. M., 
Nelson, H. C, 
Olmstead, H. D. & So 
Otley, George, 
(3tley, Robert, . 
Owens, J. R., 
Pickrell, J. H., 
Pickrell, W. & W., 
Prather, S. E. & G. 
Potts, J. H. & Son, 
Patterson, J. A., 
Porter, J. D., 
Powers, A., 
Rarasej^, J. C, 
Rvburn, J. B. <k Bro 
Reynolds, W. W., 
Scott, W., 
Strawn, J. G., 
Suddeth, J., 
Shelly, J. R., 
Stewart, William, 
Smith, Wm. M., . 
Strawn, Abner, 
Taylor, T. M., 
Tunison, H. & J. D 
Vaught, G., 
Voorhies, W., . 
Wise, A. H., 
Wendell, Thos. & Sons^ 



Barnes, J. B., 
Flagg, W. C, . 
Lock, John, 
May, D. C, 
Merrill, J)., . 
Thompson, James, 



POST-OFFICE. 

Towanda, McLean County. 
Randolph, McLean 
Franklin Grove, Lee 
Deer Park, LaSalle 
Abingdon, Knox 
Chandlerville, I 'ass 
Toulon, Stark 
Table Grove, Fulton 
Paw Paw Grove, Lee 
Kankakee, Kankakee 
Mendota, LaSalle 
. Paxton, Ford 
. Leroy, McLean 
Canton, Fulton 
Freedom, LaSalle 
Neponset, Bureau 
Kewanee, Henry 
Sagetown, Henderson 
Harristown, Macon 
Mechanicsburg, Sangamon 
Springfield, Sangamon 
Jacksonville, Morgan 
Rock Falls, Whitesides 
Alexis, Warren 
Sterling, Whitesides 
Onarga, Iroquois 
. Bloomington, McLean 
Shipman, Macoupin 
. Wyoming, Stark 
Jacksonville, AI organ 
. Windsor, Shelby 
Shannon, Carroll 
Franklin Grove, Lee 
. Lexington, McLean 
. Ottawa, LaSalle 
Decatur, Macon 
Whitehall, Greene 
Baileyville, Ogle 
Milmine, Piatt 
Freeport, Stephenson 
Lincoln, Logan 

Devons. 

Ottawa, LaSalle (Jounty. 

Moro, Madison 

. Philo, Champaign 

Rochelle, Ogle 

Prairie Home, Shelby 

Philo, Champaign 



ILLINOIS breeders' DIRECTORY. 



87 



Holsteins. 

POST-OFFICE. 

Champaign, Chaiiipuign County. 

Elgin, Kune " 

. Dixon, Lee ^" 

Leland, LaSalle " 

Pawnee, Sangamon " 

Herefords. 

Miller, T. L., Beecher, AVill County. 

Powell, Wm., Beecher, Will " 



NAMES. 

Bradley, Daniel, 
Brown, Geo. E., 
Russell, Wm. A., 
Severy, Dexter, 
Weber, Geo. P., 



Ayrshires. 

Greenleaf, L. L., .... Evanston, Cook County. 
Jones, D. & G., . . . . Galesburg, Knox " 
Jenne, D. C. & D. J., . Prophetstown, AVhitesides " 

Lake, J. C, Decatur, Macon 

Patterson, J. A., . . Rock Falls, Whitesides 



Jerseys or Alderneys. 



Dole, C. S., 
Lyman, T., 
Mills, C. F., 
Parks, C. C. & R. H., 
Pierson, J. M., . 
Smith, Enos, 



Crystal Lake, McHenry County 

Downer's Grove, DuPage " 

Springfield, Sangamon '' 

Waukegan, Lake " 

Godfrey, Madison " 

. Maiden, Bureau " 



Horses — French Draft. 



Carter & Cain, 
Campbell, B. H., 
Degen, I. ct J. & Co., 
Dillon, E. & Co., 
Dolese & Shepherd, 
Dunham, M. W., 
Earlville Imp'n Co., 
Gandy, H. H„ & Co., 
Hodgson & Sons, 
Hodgson, L. C, 
McCourtie, I., 
Olmstead, H. D. & Son 
Owen, J. L., 
Perry, J. A., 
Shelton, G., . ' . 
Sterrett, Thomas A., 
Stubbletield, R. W. & T 
Stubblefield, G. W., . 
Virgin & Brown, . 



Earlville, LaSalle County 
Batavia, Kane " 
Ottawa, LaSalle 
Normal, McLean *' 
. Summit, Cook " 
Wayne, DuPage " 
Earlville, LaSalle " 
, DeKalb, DeKalb 
Ottawa, LaSalle 
Ottawa, LaSalle 
Onarga, Iroquois " 
Freedom, LaSalle 
. Mokena, Will 
Wilmington, Will 
Normal, McLean " 
Warrensburg, Macon " 
Bloomington, McLean " 
. Shirley, McLean " 
Fairbury, Livingston " 



88 



ILLINOIS breeders' DIRECTORY. 



NAMES. 

Elodgett, A. Z., 
Brown, Geo. E., 
Duncan, T. G., 
Field, H. F. & Co., 
Fullenwider, J. N., 
lies, Edward, 
Jacobs, J. W., Supt. 
McDiarmid, D., 
Mofftitt, W. & R., 
Stiibblefield, K. AV 



English Draft. post-office. 

. Waukegan, Lake County. 

Elgin, Kane " 

. McLean, McLean " 

Deer Creek, Tazewell '' 

Mechanicsburg, Sangamon " 

Springfield, Sangamon 

Imp. Association, . Palo, Kendall " 

Gray Willow, Kane " 

. Paw Paw Grove, Lee " 

. & T. T., . Bloomington, McLean 



Thoroughbred Trotters, Etc. 

Armstrong, A., . . . . ^ Benson, Logan County 

Adams, D., . 

Beaty, David, 

Bruner, J. C, 

Buckley, Wiley, 

Oarle, A. G., 

Hardin. B. L., . 

Hitchcock, W., 

tlelf. H. T., 

Heath, O. A., 

Jones, S. A., 

Jacobs, J. W., 

Kirby, N. T., . 

Landrigan, John, 

Lewis, E. C., 

Mead, R., 

JS-eely, W. J., . 

Rowett, R. & J., 

Rust, F. M., 

8toner, G. W., 

iStevens, E., 

Thompson, C. P., 

Voorhies, W., 

Watts. A. B., 

Wing,'L. B., . 

Woods, J., 



. Wenona, Marsha] 

Jersey ville, Jersey 

Ottawa, LaSalle 

Champaign, Champaign 

Urbana, Champaign 

Keithsburg, Mercer 

. Princeton, Bureau 

Lake Forest, Lake 

Waukegan, Lake 

Springfield, Sangamon 

Piano, Kendall 

Jerseyville, Jersey 

Albion, Edwards 

Deer Park, LaSalle 

Paw Paw, Lee 

. Ottawa, LaSalle 

Carlinville, Macoupin 

Hevvvorth, McLean 

\ LaPlace, Piatt 

Bloomington, McLean 

New Ruthmd, LaSalle 

Milmine, Piatt 

Farming-dale, Sangamon 

Bement, Piatt 

Ottawa, LaSalle 



Swine — Berkshire. 



Anderson, F. M,. 
Belden, F. W., . 
Bond, John, . 
Bradlev, D., 
Bodine, J. P., . 
Boston, James . 
Chrisman, E. M., 
Crowder, T. B., . 
Clark, J. G., . 
Caldwell, G. M., 



Lexington, McLean County. 

Kaneville, Kane " 

Abingdon, Knox " 

Champaign, (Champaign " 

West Jersey, Stark " 

Jacksonville, Morgan " 

. Merritt, Scott " 

Marrowbone, Moultrie " 

Champaign, Champaign " 

Williamsville, Sangamon " 



ILLINOIS BREEDERS DIRECTORY. 



89 



XAMKS. 


POST-OFFICE. 


Coiniellv, Dr. J. L., 


Harristown, Macon Coui 


I)orsev,B. F. & Sons, 


Perry, Pike " 


Duiilap, G. N. ct Son, 


. Bloomington, McLean " 


]>C'ves, Samuel, . 


. Sciota, McDonough " 


Klfiott, Geo., . 


Harristown, Macon " 


Funk, A. C, 


Bloomington, McLean " 


Franeis, John, 


. New Lenox, AVill " 


Gillham, D. B., . 


. Alton, Madison 


Gore, D. & Son, 


. Carlinville, Macoupin " 


Hewer Bros., 


. Gray Willow, Kane " 


Higgins, B. B,, 


Dixon, Lee " 


Plighmore, John S., 


Rochester, Sangamon " 


Hunter, Geo., . 


. Carlinville, Macoupin " 


lies, Edward, 


Springfield, Sangamon " 


Jones, N. N., . 


. Normal, McLean " 


Kepple, J. & D., . 


Bardolph, McDonough " 


Lahman, J. C, 


Frankhn Grove, Lee " 


Lippincott, C. E., 


. Chandlerville, Cass " 


Moffatt, W. c<: R., . 


Paw Paw Grove, Lee 


Mason, I. W., . 


. Burnside, Hancock " 


Maxham, H. N., . 


Diamond Lake, Lake " 


McCov, M. D., . 


Rochester, Sangamon " 


Mills, Chas. F., 


Springfield, Sangamon " 


Noel, Wni., . 


". Paxton, Ford 


Niceolls, C. M., 


. LeRoy, McLean 


Parks, C. C, 


Waukegan, Lake " 


Peiffer, J. M., . 


. Rochelle, Ogle 


Pickrell, J. H., . 


. Harristown, Macon " 


Pickrell, W. & W., . 


. Mechanicsburg, Sangamon " 


Prather, S. E. & J. F., 


Springfield, Sangamon " 


Potts, J. H. & Son, . 


. Jacksonville, Morgan " 


Powers, A., . 


Sterling, Whitesides " 


Roach, J. E., . 


Lincoln, Logan " 


Rvburn, J. B. & Bros., 


. Bloomington, McLean " 


Scott, J. R., 


Champaign, Champaign " 


Snoad, Charles, 


Joliet, Will 


Springer, F, K., 


Sprinsfield, Sangamon " 


Sudduth, James, . 


. Windsor, Shelby " 


Shelly, J. R., . 


Shannon, Carroll "' 


Stewart, AVm., 


Franklin Grove, Lee " 


Smith, Samuel, 


. Rushville, Schuyler 


Smith, William, . 


Lexington, McLean " 


Stei)henson, J. W., . 


Bruceville, LaSalle 


Stookey, M. J., 


. Belleville, St. Clair 


Tunison, H. & J. D., 


Whitehall, Greene 


Tewill, E., . 


Clayton, Adams " 


Thompson, S. M. & J. 


F., . . Canton, Fulton " 


True, George A,, . 


. Utica, LaSalle 


Voorhies, W., . 


. Milmine, Piatt " 


Wise, A. H., 


Freeport, Stephenson " 



ity 



90 



ILLINOIS BREEDERS DIRECTORY 



Poland-China. 

NAMES. POST-OFFICE. 

Brooks, R. G., . . . . Brimfield, Peoria County, 

Carey & Otto, Canton, Fulton " 

Corzett, S. E., . . . . Canton, Fulton 

Campbell, J. L., .... Abingdon, Knox " 

Clark, J. G., . . . Champaign, Champaign '' 

Carson, Andrew, Am boy, Lee " 

Cushman, J. S. & H. R., . . Abingdon, Knox " 

Emery, D. F. & Sons, . . . Canton, Fulton " 

Hunt, M. W., Mokena, Will 

Houlton, J. & J. P., . . Jacksonville, Morgan " 

Hodgson, L. (;., . . . . Ottawa, LaSalle 

Higgins, B. B., Dixon, Lee " 

Johnson, A. M., .... Gerlaw, Warren " 

Lahman, J. C, ... Franklin Grove, Lee " 

Lawrence, D., . . . Prairie Center, LaSalle " 

Mason, J. W., . . . Burnside, Hancock " 

Orton, B. J., .... Cambridge, Henry " 

Owen, J. L., Mokena, Will 

Penlield, Josiah, . . . Tremont, Tazewell " 

Russell, W. H., , , . . Sandoval, Marion " 

Raley, E. V., .... Granville, Putnam " 
.Stoll, Henry C, . . . . Frankfort, Franklin 
Tunison, H.& J. D., . . Whitehall, Greene 

Vaught, G., Baileyville, Ogle 



Chester Whites. 



Francis, John, . 
Kercheval, Chas. E., 
Kimberly, R., . 
Lawrence, D., 
Olmstead, H. D. & Son, 
Searles. F., . 



New Lenox, Will County. 

Johet, Will 

. Green River, Henry •' 

Prairie Center, LaSalle " 

Freedom, LaSalle " 

. Hadley, Lawrence " 



Essex. 



Longshore, J. G., 
Neely, W. J., 
Overholt, J. S. R., 
8chooley, J. P., 



Wilmington, Will County. 
Ottawa, LaSalle 
Streator, LaSalle 
Ottawa, LaSalle 



Aldrich, v., 
Allen, R. C, 
Bishop, James, 
Carson, Andrew, 
Elliott, George, 



Sheep — Cotswold. 



. Tiskilwa, Bureau Countj. 
Harristown, Macon " 
Randolph, McLean " 
Amboy, Lee " 
Harristown, Macon " 



IIJJNOIS HREEDERS DIRECTORY. 



NAMES. 

Gillhani, J. C, . 
Moffatt, W. tt R., . 
Parks. C. C. 
Ryburn, J. B. & Bros., 
Stewart, AVilliam, 
Sudduth, James, 
Wendell, Thos. & Sons, 



POST-OFFICE. 

Lincoln, Lo<ran County 

Paw Paw Grove, Lee 

Waukegan, Lake 

Bloomington, McLean 

Franklin Grove, Lee 

. Windsor, Shelby 

Lincoln, Logan 



Leicestershires. 



Arnold, A., 
Belden, F. W., 
Lawrence, J., 
Mitchell, Wm., 
Newman, J. S., 
Stewart, Wm., 
Stewart, M. L., 



Somonauk, DeKalb County. 

Kaneville, Kane " 

Prairie Center, LaSalle " 

LaSalle, LaSalle 

West Jersey, Stark " 

Franklin Grove, Lee '' 

Camp Point, Adams " 



Merinos. 



Bell, J. & Son, 
Dawson, B., 
Day, F. E., . 
Fassett, Frank, 
Kelly & Son, 
Lee, Graham, 
Peck, George E., 
Richmond, V. P., 
Rudd, Wm. A., 
Taylor, Thomas, 



Brighton, Macoupin County. 

Dawson, Sangamon " 

Streator, LaSalle " 

Springfield, Sangamon " 

. Wheaton, DuPage " 

. Hamlet, Mercer " 

Geneva, Kane " 

. Moro, Madison " 

Pontiac, Livingston " 

Waynesville, DeWitt 



Allen, George, 
Cobb, Emory, . 
Caton, J. D., 
Elliott, George, 
Greenwood, W., , 
Lawrence, D,, . 
Meeks, Gilman, 
Pickrell, J. H., . 
Pickrell, W. & W., 
Wise, A. H., 
Watts, Joseph, 



Southdowns. 



Rockford, Winnebago County. 

. Kankakee, Kankakee " 

Ottawa, LaSalle " 

Harristown, Macon " 
... . Joliet, Will 

Prairie Center, LaSalle " 

Kaneville, Kane " 

Harristown, Macon '' 

Mechanicsburg, Sangamon " 

Freeport, Stephenson ** 
Ottawa, LaSalle 



ARTICHOKES, 



Red Brazilian and Wliite French Varieties, 



CHEAPEST HOG FOOD KNOWN. 



SEITD FOK, OIK.OXJI-.J^It- 



E. F. ROCKWAY, 

AINSWORTH, IOWA. 



